Definition and recognition of required factors for smartening cities in developing countries

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

2 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

It has been over 20 years that emerging term “smart cities” has been used theoretically and practically and implemented in our built environments. Importance of smart cities is not ignorable due to the world crises such as energy issues which are threatening the future of mankind. Theories and strategies has been implemented in many major cites of developed countries but there are still major energy consumption and other critical issues in developing countries due to strategies, technological systems background and infrastructures on their way toward an industrialized country. Thus it is quiet tangible that developing countries and their cities have to come up with strategies that will improve general sustainability of them. One way to achieve this goal is study of successful examples in the world. The aim of this research is to study successful smart cities around the world that received ICF (Intelligent Community Forum) awards to find successful and practical strategies that can be implemented in developing countries. We will first go through world top leading cities, extracting their strategies and technological systems, later coming up with infra structures in developing countries and in our case, Tehran city in Iran and finally showing strategies and technological facilities and approaches that can be implemented in this city.

Keywords


  • Albino, V.; Berardi, U.; Dangelico, R. M., (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. J. UrbanTechnol., 22(1): 3–21.
  • Auer, S.; Bizer, C.; Kobilarov, G.; Lehmann, J.; Cyganiak, R.; Ives, Z., (2007). Dbpedia: A nucleus for a web of open data. In The semantic web (pp. 722–735). Springer.
  • Bakici, T.; Almirall, E.; Wareham, J., (2013). A Smart City Initiative: The Case of Barcelona. J.Knowl.Economy, 4(2), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9
  • Baron, G. (2010). Amsterdam Smart City.Springer publication.
  • Bowerman, B.; Braverman, J.; Taylor, J.; Todosow, H.; Von Wimmersperg, U., (2000). The vision of a smart city. In 2nd International Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris (Vol. 28).
  • Caragliu, A.; Del Bo, C.; Nijkamp, P., (2009). Smart cities in Europe. Research Memoranda Series 0048 (VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics). CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  • Caragliu, A.; Del Bo, C.; Nijkamp, P., (2011). Smart Cities in Europe_Caragliu_JOT. J. Urban Technol., Vol. 1 N8(No. 2,), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
  • Domènech, L.; Saurí, D., (2011). A comparative appraisal of the use of rainwater harvesting in single and multi-family buildings of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain): social experience, drinking water savings and economic costs. J. Cleaner Prod., 19(6): 598–608.
  • Garcia-López, M.-À.; Muñiz, I., (2010). Employment decentralisation: Polycentricity or scatteration? The case of Barcelona. Urban Stud., 47(14):3035–3056
  • García, B., (2004). Urban regeneration, arts programming and major events: Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004. Int. J. of Cult. Policy, 10(1): 103–118.
  • González, S., (2011). Bilbao and Barcelona “in motion”. How urban regeneration “models” travel and mutate in the global flows of policy tourism. Urban Stud., 48(7): 1397–1418.
  • Hanachee, P.; Rezaei, N. (n.d.).,(2015) Living in a Historical Neighborhood: Challenges, Opportunities and Threats, Case Study: Oudlajan Neighborhood in Tehran.8(14):23-32.
  • Haughton, G., (1997). Developing sustainable urban development models. Cities, 14(4): 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(97)00002-4
  • Hollands, R. G., (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up?, City, 12(3), 303–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810802479126
  • Hospers, G.-J., (2003). Creative cities in Europe. Intereconomics, 38(5): 260–269.
  • Http://www.rrk.ir. (n.d.). Offical newspaper of Islamic Republic of Iran. Retrieved from http://www.rrk.ir/Laws/ShowLaw.aspx?Code=2299
  • Intelligent Community Forum. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.intelligentcommunity.org/
  • José Mascaró, J. (2002). Two low income social housings: a comparative study of the environmental behaviour. Environ. Manage. Health, 13(4): 357–365.
  • Komninos, N., (2002). Intelligent cities: innovation, knowledge systems, and digital spaces. Taylor & Francis.
  • Kulesa, M. T., (2009). A Vision of Smarter Cities : How Cities Can Lead the Way into a Prosperous and Sustainable Future. In IBM global business services (pp. 1–6).
  • Leon, N., (2008). Attract and connect: The Barcelona innovation district and the internationalisation of Barcelona business. Innovation, 10(2–3): 235–246.
  • Madanipour, A., (1998). Tehran: the making of a metropolis. Academy Press.
  • Majoor, S. J. H., (2009). The disconnected innovation of new urbanity in Zuidas Amsterdam, Ørestad Copenhagen and Forum Barcelona. Eur. Plann. Stud., 17(9): 1379–1403.
  • Manourian, F.; Khazaei, S.; Shariatpanahi, S. P.; Moshfegh, M., (2015). [key factors affecting population growth in large cities from the specialists’ view: A case study of Tehran]. Interdisciplinary Stud. Humanities, 8(1): 21–44.
  • Marshall, T., (2000). Urban planning and governance: is there a Barcelona model? Int. Plann. Stud., 5(3): 299–319.
  • Marshall, T., (2006). Transforming Barcelona: The Renewal of a European Metropolis. J. Archit., 11(5).
  • McCrone, D. (2000). Urban change and the European left: tales from the new Barcelona. CARFAX PUBLISHING RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND.
  • Nations, U., (2012). United Nations E-Government Survey 2014. Uinted Nations.
  • Office of Management and Budget of the U.S. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg_agency_info_quality_links
  • Resnick, M., (2002). Rethinking Learning in the Digital Age. Comput., 46, 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.2007.0001
  • UN, U. N. (2008). World urbanization prospects: The 2007 revision. New York: UN.
  • uranus. (n.d.). Hybrid City. Retrieved from http://uranus.media.uoa.gr/hc3/?page_id=41
  • Villalba, G.; Gemechu, E. D., (2011). Estimating GHG emissions of marine ports—the case of Barcelona. Energy Policy, 39(3): 1363–1368.
  • Yin, R. K., (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications.