Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Laboratory Analysis of the Hydrodynamic Behavior of Perforated Breakwaters Constructed from Recycled Materials 353 365 739086 10.22034/ijumes.2026.2097984.1396 EN Jamil Ahmadi Department of Civil Engineering, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0004-8484-6309 Mohammad Hadi Tavana Department of Civil Engineering, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0001-6785-7840 Ehsan Delavari Department of Civil Engineering, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-6754-7962 Shamsa Basirat Department of Civil Engineering, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-8946-0326 Journal Article 2025 08 25 Population growth and intensive development along coastlines have increased the demand for effective, low-cost and environmentally responsible coastal-protection structures. Problem statement: Conventional rock and concrete breakwaters consume large volumes of natural resources, impose high construction costs and disrupt near-shore water circulation and sediment transport; a permeable alternative that dissipates wave energy while preserving water exchange is therefore needed, particularly for the ports and waterways of Iran’s southern coasts along the Persian Gulf. Aim: This study analyses, through physical modelling, the hydrodynamic behavior of perforated breakwaters built from recycled materials and identifies the configuration that best combines wave attenuation with structural stability. Methodology: Physical models with single-row, double-row, double-sided, horizontal and vertical arrangements were tested in a wave flume at a 1:13 scale under regular waves. Perforations of varying number and diameter were introduced on the front and rear faces, and the reflection coefficient, run-up, transmission coefficient, uplift force and overturning moment were measured. Findings: The perforations effectively dissipated wave energy and reduced reflection, transmission, uplift and overturning moments. Horizontal perforated breakwaters near the water surface experienced lower uplift. Increasing the perforation percentage from 7% to 42.78% raised energy dissipation and lowered run-up, whereas increasing it further to 78.5% reversed the trend; the 42.78% configuration minimized wave transmission. Conclusion: The best overall performance was obtained with the two-row, double-sided breakwater in a combined wave-facing arrangement, which showed minimal displacement and the greatest stability, confirming perforated breakwaters made from recycled materials as a sustainable and effective coastal-protection option. https://www.ijumes.com/article_739086_a8417b5a83fd76708ec0724d089727c7.pdf