Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 The Effect of Wing Walls on Air Velocity Performance in Single-Sided Ventilated Spaces Using CFD 1 15 732215 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2056655.1301 EN Minoo Zidehsaraei Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 0000-0002-0111-7767 Amena Agharabi Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 0000-0001-7374-8034 Journal Article 2025 03 26 Natural ventilation in single-sided spaces often suffers from low airflow rates, which can negatively impact indoor air quality and thermal comfort. Wing walls-vertical panels installed adjacent to windows-offer potential for directing and accelerating incoming airflow; however, their optimal design parameters have not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to increase the average indoor air velocity in a single-sided ventilated room by incorporating a wing wall. To achieve this, the ventilation performance of several wing wall configurations with varying depths and angles was analyzed to determine the optimal depth, angle, and location. The results show that using two windows with the same total area, instead of a single window, improves both ventilation efficiency and indoor air velocity. Further enhancement was achieved by adding a perpendicular wing wall to one side of each window, which increased airflow and average indoor air velocity. Increasing wing wall depth further improved performance, with the optimal depth equal to the width of the window. Notably, movable wing walls angled at 15°, 22.5°, and 30° outperformed fixed perpendicular wing walls, delivering superior ventilation effectiveness and higher internal air velocity. This study fills a gap in natural ventilation research by simultaneously evaluating wing wall depth and angle, providing practical design guidelines for architects and engineers. Future research should examine the effects of awnings, varied opening types, movable wing walls at different heights in high-rise buildings, smart designs, and their role in cross ventilation.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_732215_be796d963781970994fe919e8796c6ca.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Explanation of Effective Indicators on the Performance of Non-Structural Building Components Against Blast Waves with Emphasis on the Behavior of Glass and Window Frames 16 32 731236 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2072367.1337 EN Mehdi Moharrami Sham Asbi B.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2334-380X Journal Article 2025 08 21 Over the past twenty years, threats to buildings from explosions have significantly increased. Non-structural components, particularly glass and window-frames, are especially vulnerable to blast loads, yet there is limited agreement on which factors most strongly affect their performance under such extreme conditions. This study seeks to systematically identify and rank the key factors influencing the blast performance of non-structural glazing systems using a multi-round fuzzy Delphi method. The research is analytical with an applied aim and also has a developmental aspect in the context of qualitative modeling. Data were collected through documentary and library sources, complemented by questionnaires and interviews with 15 experts and specialists within a defined statistical population. Core concepts—including non-structural building performance, façade systems, building frames, non-structural connections, and the impact of explosions on buildings-were initially analyzed through content analysis. Based on inductive reasoning and literature review, a preliminary framework of factors was developed. The fuzzy Delphi method was then applied over multiple rounds in a participatory decision-making process to extract, weight, and evaluate these factors. Results show that, based on mean values, layer bonding quality, 4.53; glass layer thickness, 4.36; blast intensity, 4.35; adherence to recognized design standards, 4.32; temperature effect, 4.21; glazing–frame connection, 4.13; barrier presence, 4.09; blast duration, 4.08; interlayer damage mode, 4.07; and the anchorage system, 4.04, are the influential factors in defining the performance index framework of non-structural building components against blast waves. Quantitatively, these factors consistently received high mean scores in the Delphi process, highlighting their critical role in structural integrity, post-fracture behavior, and overall blast resilience of glass and window-frame systems. These findings provide a validated, expert-driven foundation for prioritizing design considerations and developing performance-focused strategies for blast-resistant glazing systems, bridging the gap between theoretical analysis and practical implementation.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_731236_c300a28bd33265f7223256a67c778a6c.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Evaluating Financial and Operational Challenges in the Replacement of Smart Materials in High-Density Projects (Case Study of Mehr Housing in Hamedan) 33 48 728564 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2056755.1304 EN Roya Sadeghi Fereshteh Department of Architecture, Faculty of Dr. Ali Eqbali Sustainable Development, University College of Omran_Toseeh, Hamedan, Iran 0000-0003-2816-5926 Journal Article 2025 04 19 The increasing prevalence of smart materials in construction signifies a pivotal shift towards enhancing building performance and sustainability, particularly in high-density projects where operational complexities abound. This research examines the financial and operational barriers encountered in the replacement of traditional materials with smart alternatives, focusing on the Mehr Housing Project in Hamadan, Iran. Utilizing a mixed-methods methodology, comprising a literature review, questionnaires, and structured interviews with key stakeholders—including contractors, project managers, and industry experts—the study identifies critical challenges, such as high initial costs, resistance from contractors, and a lack of specialized expertise in smart materials. The findings highlight that while the potential benefits of smart materials are substantial, their adoption is stymied by both economic and logistical hurdles. To address these challenges, the study proposes targeted solutions including the introduction of financial incentives to offset initial expenditures and a robust framework for training and capacity building among the workforce. By fostering an environment conducive to the integration of smart materials, this research aims to inform policymakers and practitioners on strategies crucial for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of high-density construction projects. Ultimately, the findings advocate for a transformative approach that aligns technological innovation with project management practices to optimize resource utilization and project outcomes in the built environment.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_728564_d947ba0af2b7293f0dc39d14ebd37eae.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Optimizing Building Volume and Solar Access in Isfahan's Urban Texture: A Solar Envelope Approach Using Parametric Design Tools 49 62 731559 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2049602.1285 EN Ahmad Najafi Department of Urban Planning, Isf.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 0000-0003-4005-636X Ali Goodarzi Department of Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0370-9053 Ramtin Mortaheb Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-6909-4741 Journal Article 2025 01 01 This study investigates the application of Solar Envelope methodology integrated with Parametric Design tools to optimize building volume and Direct Solar Access in Isfahan’s urban context. Through comprehensive Environmental Simulation using Rhino/Grasshopper and Ladybug plugins, this research develops an innovative approach to Urban Planning that balances construction density with solar rights. The Energy Optimization analysis demonstrates that the Solar Envelope method achieves a 26.13% increase in buildable volume and 41.11% increase in area compared to current regulations, while enhancing solar energy on adjacent building facades by 2.60%. The study employs Parametric Design workflows to generate and evaluate multiple solardriven alternatives, ensuring Direct Solar Access during critical periods (December 21st, 8 am-4 pm). Comparative analysis Isfahan, Mashhad, and Tabriz validates the climateresponsive nature of the Solar Envelope approach. Results indicate that current Urban Planning regulations inadequately address solar access rights, often leading to violations. The proposed Environmental Simulation methodology offers a robust framework for Energy Optimization in dense urban developments, demonstrating that 100% land occupancy can be achieved while maintaining solar access standards. This research provides critical evidence for updating architectural and Urban Planning laws in Iran to incorporate Solar Envelope principles for sustainable urban development.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_731559_f923cb3121620ee12d08395c0e64dbb7.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Explaining a Model of Indicators Affecting Architecture Students’ Creativity with an Emphasis on Creativity-Based Teaching Methods and Quality of the Physical Learning Environment by Using the Fuzzy Delphi Method 63 83 733448 10.22034/ijumes.2026.2075074.1341 EN Maryam Dehghan Koroki Department of Architecture, Ba.C., Islamic Azad University, Bam, Iran Maliheh Norouzi Department of Architecture, Ba.C., Islamic Azad University, Bam, Iran 0009-0000-1262-0483 Mohsen Qasemi Department of Architecture, Ba.C., Islamic Azad University, Bam, Iran 0000-0002-0512-7321 Journal Article 2025 10 18 Contemporary approaches to architectural education emphasize that creativity emerges from the interaction between the physical learning environment, pedagogical strategies, and students’ experiential engagement. Enhancing creativity-oriented architectural learning requires identifying key indicators that shape this process. This study aims to determine and explain the indicators influencing the creativity of architecture students, with emphasis on creativity-based instruction and the quality of the physical environment. The research is analytical–applied and follows an interpretive methodological paradigm with developmental characteristics. Data were collected through documentary and library studies. Initial conceptual indicators were extracted using content analysis and inductive reasoning based on theoretical foundations and prior research. Subsequently, the Fuzzy Delphi Method was applied, and a 17-item questionnaire was distributed to 15 experts using the snowball sampling technique. Results from the third Delphi round confirm 11 final indicators, among which “representation culture” (mean = 4.41), “digital technologies” (mean = 4.36), and “design thinking” (mean = 4.25) displayed the highest influence. The findings highlight three essential components for improving architectural education: spatial design that supports design thinking, digital representational capabilities, and organizational support mechanisms. Applying these validated indicators can improve studio environments, strengthen creative learning processes, and enhance the quality of architectural outcomes.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_733448_673c4cb199ec528034a3feeb4d6f554e.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Analyzing Visual Quality in Residential Block Layouts Using Parametric Modeling in Grasshopper 84 97 734066 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2065488.1317 EN Alireza Goodarzi Ardakani Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Yas.,C., Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran 0009-0006-9430-1788 Yaghowb Peyvastehgar Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Yas.,C., Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran 0009-0006-9430-1788 Aliakbar Heidari Department of Architecture, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj ,Iran 0000-0002-2188-1850 Ali Mehboodi Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Yas.,C., Islamic Azad University, Yasuj, Iran 0000-0002-7261-9051 Journal Article 2025 07 10 Visual quality is a fundamental component of contemporary residential design, influencing privacy, spatial perception, daylighting, and the psychological well-being of residents. Key visual factors such as views toward surrounding landscapes, inter-visibility between housing units, and visual access to semi-private open spaces play a decisive role in shaping the residential experience. Nevertheless, the effects of different residential block configurations on these visual parameters have not been sufficiently examined. This study investigates three visual criteria-view toward surrounding landscapes, inter-visibility between residential units, and visual access to semi-private open spaces—across five common residential block layouts: linear, detached, mixed, perimeter, and central configurations. A standardized 2×1-meter window on the southern façade of a representative unit was used for evaluation across five floors. Parametric simulations were performed in Grasshopper using the Ladybug and Honeybee plugins to assess sightlines, visibility angles, and visual overlap patterns. The findings show that building orientation, spatial distance, and window alignment have significant impacts on visual performance. More open forms such as detached and perimeter layouts provide broader landscape views, enhanced daylight access, and greater spatial openness. In contrast, denser configurations like central and mixed layouts exhibit increased window-to-window visibility and weaker visual connection to open spaces. Overall, the results highlight the importance of spatial configuration in improving visual comfort and residential quality. These insights can support the development of design guidelines and urban planning policies aimed at enhancing visual performance and the overall livability of residential environments.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_734066_719027e4d6dd3885094219681099e573.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Making Modern Schools Sustainable Through Socio-Cultural Sustainability Principles of Safavid-Era Schools in Isfahan 98 120 727076 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2054495.1295 EN Mohsen Owraei Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Technical and Engineering , Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0005-1100-5389 Mehran Karahmadi Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Technical and Engineering , Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-5563-9560 Journal Article 2025 03 01 The contemporary educational system faces a significant challenge regarding the erosion of cultural identity and a disconnect from indigenous architectural heritage in the design of educational spaces. This crisis, particularly evident in schools which are the main hubs of social and cultural interaction for the youth, underscores the urgent need to revise design approaches and move towards socio-culturally sustainable architecture.The primary objective of this research is to identify and analyze the identity-forming architectural elements and socio-cultural sustainability principles within the historical Safavid-era schools of Isfahan, and to propose practical strategies to inspire the design of contemporary schools aimed at preserving and enhancing their cultural identity. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach and a comparative analysis method. Data were collected through library studies, examination of historical and architectural documents, and field observations of nine selected Safavid-era schools. Their architectural elements, physical structures, and socio-cultural characteristics were analyzed in relation to socio-cultural sustainability indicators. The findings shows that Safavid-era schools in Isfahan, through the intelligent use of elements such as the central courtyard as a hub for interactions and a reflector of cultural values, iwans as transitional and identity-rich spaces, hujras emphasizing privacy and concentration, as well as artistic decorations and the use of indigenous materials, successfully embodied a set of key socio-cultural sustainability principles. These principles are identifiable across three interconnected layers physical, social, and cultural. The results reveled that historical Safavid-era schools offer a successful and reliable model for achieving socio-cultural sustainability in educational spaces. Based on the findings, strategies such as designing multi-purpose and dynamic green courtyards, creating interactive iwans, integrating indigenous and contemporary arts in decorations, designing flexible and culturally responsive learning spaces, and utilizing sustainable local materials are proposed for modern schools. This approach can significantly contribute to the preservation and promotion of cultural identity in contemporary schools. Future research could explore the application of these principles in other urban contexts or evaluate the performance of schools designed based on these strategies.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_727076_1295fa54f2f9cd1047432087baca9e95.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Socio-Economic Aspects Influencing the Formation of Low-Cost Housing Architecture after Iran's Islamic Revolution in Kerman Using the AHP-ANP Model 121 143 733958 10.22034/ijumes.2026.2030180.1216 EN Elham Shahhosseini Department of Architecture, Ke.C., Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran Mahdiyeh Moeini Department of Architecture, Ke.C., Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran Reza Afhami Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 27 low-income groups in developing countries, where residential units constitute a major share of household wealth. In post-revolutionary Iran, rapid population growth, economic instability, and large-scale public housing programs have intensified challenges related to the formation and quality of low-cost housing. Despite extensive governmental interventions, many low-cost housing projects have failed to adequately respond to the socio-economic conditions of their residents. Therefore, this study aims to identify and prioritize the socio-economic factors influencing the formation of low-cost housing architecture after Iran’s Islamic Revolution, with a specific focus on the Mehr Housing project in Kerman city. The research adopts a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach and employs integrated fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making models, including the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Analytic Network Process. Data were collected through literature review, expert interviews, and structured questionnaires completed by professionals involved in housing projects. The models were used to determine the relative importance of main criteria and sub-criteria, as well as their internal causal relationships. The findings indicate that contractual indicators play the most critical role in shaping low-cost housing architecture, followed by financial and economic indicators, and technical and technological indicators. Administrative and systematic indicators ranked lowest but were found to have indirect mediating effects. Among sub-criteria, issues such as poor contract management, lack of coordination among contractors, and unfamiliarity of project stakeholders with implementation methods showed the highest influence.The study concludes that low-cost housing should be understood as a complex socio-economic system rather than a purely technical or cost-driven product. Addressing contractual inefficiencies and stabilizing financial mechanisms are essential for improving the quality and sustainability of low-cost housing in Iran.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_733958_f00f8ca6a522a1419e184ba6f7ec1c3c.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Urban growth Model Based on the Spatial-Functional Structure of Isfahan (Case Study: District 9) 144 160 728644 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2055479.1296 EN Abbas Pakdel Department of Geography, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran 0000-0002-9214-9894 Ahmad Khademolhoseiny Department of Geography, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran 0000-0002-0021-5541 Hamid Saberi Department of Geography, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran 0000-0002-6013-5287 Hojat Mahkoei Department of Geography, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran 0000-0002-7085-1834 Journal Article 2025 03 09 Rapid urbanization and the uneven distribution of services and infrastructure of the District 9 in Isfahan have created challenges such as spatial inequality, reduced quality of life, and environmental degradation. This research aims to develop an optimal model for improving the functional structure of District 9 in Isfahan. Utilizing economic, socio-cultural, physical, urban services, and environmental factors, this study analyzes the current situation from the perspectives of both citizens and experts. To achieve this objective, the research employs citizens and expert’s questionnaires. Data was collected through Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS and Amos software. The results indicate that citizens emphasize access to shopping centers and green spaces, while experts prioritize attracting investment and improving sustainable infrastructure. Public transportation and citizen participation were identified as key factors in both groups. However, new technologies and the adaptation of services for the disabled were given lower priority. Citizens perceived urban services and the environment as having the greatest impact, and the economic dimension as the least, whereas experts evaluated economics as the most critical factor in sustainable development. The findings underscore the need for urban planning to integrate the daily needs of citizens with the long-term vision of experts. This research provides a model for balanced development that includes improving the distribution of services, enhancing environmental infrastructure, and strengthening economic factors, which can be applied to other urban areas.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_728644_5507c2d560ec10901c972907d565f4a0.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Typological Analysis of Informal Settlements for Developing Climate-Responsive Architectural Indicators: An Integrated Fuzzy Delphi–FAHP Approach 161 180 734855 10.22034/ijumes.2026.2079165.1350 EN Aliaskar Jamshidi Zardak Department of Architecture, Shi.C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 0009-0004-8335-0782 Mohammad Parva Department of Architecture, Shi.C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0002-1272-0684 Khosro Movahed Department of Architecture, Shi.C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0003-0609-1815 Journal Article 2025 11 28 Rapid urbanization and the expansion of informal settlements have intensified the need for analytical frameworks that move beyond descriptive approaches toward operational architectural evaluation. This study aims to formulate and prioritize architectural indicators for informal settlements through an analytical typological approach that integrates expert consensus with multi-criteria decision-making. The research adopts a mixed-methods analytical design grounded in a pragmatic paradigm, combining theoretical review with empirical evaluation. Initially, key architectural dimensions, Form, Space, Materials, and Spatial Organization, were extracted through literature-based typological analysis. Primary data were then collected from a purposively selected panel of architects, urban planners, and academic specialists using structured Likert-scale questionnaires. A four-round Fuzzy Delphi process was applied to refine and validate influential factors, followed by the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to determine the relative weight of final indicators. The findings demonstrate a progressive convergence of expert consensus, resulting in five prioritized indicators: Physical Stability, Spatial Legibility, Physical Safety, Social Interaction, and Functional Accessibility. Among these, Physical Stability achieved the highest weight, highlighting its foundational role in improving informal settlement environments, while socio-spatial factors such as Social Interaction emphasized the importance of human-centered design. The integrated Delphi–FAHP framework reveals that architectural upgrading strategies in informal contexts require a balanced synthesis of structural resilience, spatial clarity, safety, and accessibility rather than isolated technical interventions. Overall, the study contributes a structured and climate-responsive analytical model that bridges typological understanding with quantitative prioritization, offering practical guidance for architects, planners, and policymakers engaged in the sustainable transformation of informal settlements.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_734855_c6a7c2f7d193de5d0cfb110186288495.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Prioritizing Architectural Design Strategies for an International Conference Center Based on Social Sustainability and Islamic Interfaith Convergence Using the SWOT–QSPM Approach 181 194 735603 10.22034/ijumes.2025.735603 EN Mostafa Hadavand Mirzaei Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0008-9949-9185 Alireza Moshabaki Isfahani Department of Art and Architecture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0413-6979 Journal Article 2025 05 03 Contemporary public architecture plays an important role in promoting social cohesion, cultural identity, and intercultural communication in urban environments. International conference centers, as multifunctional public institutions, can facilitate social interaction and Islamic interfaith dialogue when designed through socially sustainable architectural approaches. However, many contemporary public buildings lack an integrated framework that simultaneously addresses architectural quality, social sustainability, and cultural convergence. Therefore, this study aims to develop and prioritize architectural design strategies for an international conference center with an emphasis on social sustainability and interreligious convergence, considering Abbas Abad area in Tehran as the case study. The research adopts an applied, descriptive–analytical methodology. Data were collected through literature review, documentary studies, and expert evaluations. Internal and external factors affecting the architectural design process were identified using the SWOT framework, and strategic priorities were ranked through the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matri . The findings reveal that the “Integrated Management for Design Project Management” strategy achieved the highest attractiveness score among the proposed strategies. The results indicate that integrated management enhances coordination between spatial, social, cultural, and functional dimensions and improves the overall quality of architectural decision-making. Furthermore, socially sustainable architectural environments can strengthen public participation, reinforce collective identity, and improve intercultural and interreligious interaction. The study concludes that integrating strategic planning tools with architectural design processes provides an effective framework for creating socially responsive public spaces and offers a practical model for architects and urban designers in developing culturally sustainable public institutions.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_735603_4a6831f7072599eb96b74c08322dd03f.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 CFD-Based Evaluation of Courtyard Proportions on Indoor Air Quality in Hot and Humid Residential Buildings (Case Study: Traditional Houses in Bushehr city, Iran) 195 216 730643 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2073164.1339 EN Seyed Sajjad Abdoli Department of Architecture, Shi.C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 0000-0002-0320-7352 Marjan Shahabzadeh Department of Urban Planning and Architecture, Shi.C., Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. 0000-0003-1709-2071 Hamid Eskandari Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 0000-0002-1598-7421 Journal Article 2025 08 30 Natural ventilation plays a critical role in improving indoor air quality and reducing energy consumption in residential buildings located in hot and humid climates. Among passive design strategies, the central courtyard has long been recognized as an effective architectural element for enhancing airflow and thermal performance. However, the quantitative influence of courtyard proportions on indoor ventilation efficiency remains insufficiently explored.The data collection method is library-based and field collection using researcher-centered collections. Subsequently, simulation is performed on the model presented in this phase for evaluation based on criteria and indicators obtained from the main variables in the software. After the climatic study of Bushehr city, Design Builder software is used to analyze and simulate the case studies of the research, which includes 6 historical houses: Haj Rais house, Dehdashti house, Golshan House, Tayyeb house, Azin House, and Nozari house in Bushehr city, which were selected based on the 4 criteria of the existence of a central courtyard. The findings of this study show that medium to high aspect ratios, approximately 1 to 2.1, have significant potential to improve ventilation on the first floor compared to the ground floor, provided that the openings are aligned with the prevailing wind of the area and that there are air flow paths through the openings. Ratios lower than 0.7 generally result in less ventilation on the first floor, unless the facade and openings are designed to direct the prevailing wind inward. The results demonstrate that an integrated consideration of courtyard proportions, opening configuration, and wind orientation can substantially improve natural ventilation performance in hot and humid climates. These results provide practical design guidelines for optimizing courtyard-based residential buildings and reducing reliance on mechanical cooling systems.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_730643_23b751eb65d0078d1507e710e5beb7f9.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Biomimicry-Based Design of Temporary Structures Inspired by Birds Nest Architecture: A Case Study of Exhibition and Emergency Relief Spaces 217 233 736087 10.22034/ijumes.2025.736087 EN Shabnam Kazemi Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Abdollah Nouri Department of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 05 Temporary architectural structures, particularly those deployed in exhibition and emergency relief contexts, demand a convergence of structural performance, ecological sensitivity, and rapid adaptability. This study examines the application of biomimicry principles derived from bird nest architecture as a design strategy for optimizing temporary structures. Bird nests represent one of nature's most sophisticated structural systems, integrating material efficiency, adaptive geometry, resilience under dynamic loading, and ecological compatibility within a unified organizational logic. The primary objective of this research is to empirically evaluate the relative influence of ten biomimetic design criteria encompassing structural efficiency, lightweight construction, adaptability, environmental responsiveness, material optimization, rapid assembly and modularity, spatial integration, sustainability, computational design capability, and resilience on the overall performance of temporary biomimicry-based structures. A quantitative research methodology was employed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares estimation (SEM-PLS) in SmartPLS software. Data were collected through a structured five-point Likert-scale questionnaire distributed among 220 architects, structural engineers, biomimicry researchers, and temporary architecture specialists, yielding 198 valid responses. Bootstrapping with 5,000 subsamples confirmed the statistical robustness of all path coefficients. Findings reveal that Resilience and Structural Stability (β = 0.61), Sustainability and Ecological Performance (β = 0.56), and Adaptability and Flexibility (β = 0.52) are the three most influential predictors of biomimetic performance. The model demonstrated strong explanatory power (R² = 0.79) and confirmed predictive relevance (Q² = 0.51). These results provide empirically grounded guidance for architects and engineers seeking to integrate avian nest-inspired structural logic into the design of high-performance, ecologically responsible temporary environments.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_736087_0f4ce3cc5660e49c6c6db91bda49489a.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Thermal Comfort in Intermediate Spaces of Educational Buildings (Case Study: Isfahan University of Technology) 234 247 727079 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2038355.1249 EN Sanaz Motalaei Department of Architecture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0001-2825-3734 Meghedy Khodabakhshian Department of Architecture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-2025-4572 Fatemeh Alsadat Majidi Department of Architecture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-3618-9450 Mahdieh Abravesh Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0009-0005-3358-5652 Journal Article 2024 08 14 This study explores the concept of thermal comfort in intermediate (semi-enclosed or enclosed transitional) spaces at Isfahan University of Technology (IUT), located in a hot-arid climate. While most comfort standards focus on fully enclosed, mechanically controlled environments, this research aims to assess whether such standards apply to transitional architectural spaces and to what extent users adapt to these microclimates. A year-long cross-sectional survey was conducted, combining subjective questionnaires with on-site physical measurements in selected intermediate spaces across the IUT campus. The investigation evaluated thermal sensation, preference, and acceptability in relation to indoor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air velocity. The collected data were then compared to ASHRAE comfort standards and predictive models like the Adaptive Mean Vote and Predicted Mean Vote. The results revealed that occupants in intermediate spaces displayed a higher degree of thermal adaptability than predicted by conventional comfort models. The neutral temperature in enclosed intermediate zones was determined to be 23.5°C-0.35°C higher than the AMV model’s prediction. Despite deviations from the ASHRAE thermal comfort zone, users still rated their thermal environment as acceptable, emphasizing the psychological and behavioral flexibility in semi-enclosed educational spaces. Laboratory-based and stable models such as PMV are inadequate for evaluating thermal comfort in enclosed intermediate spaces of educational buildings. These environments require field-based calibration of comfort expectations to reflect real-life adaptive behaviors. Establishing a unique comfort standard tailored to such spatial typologies is essential to support user satisfaction and sustainable design strategies in arid climate regions.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_727079_f88f14bf9640a1fe2b156d7ab38f6e5b.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Impact of Thermal Insulation on Energy Behavior of Residential Building Envelopes (Tehran’s District 15) 248 259 729219 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2060021.1311 EN Reza Salimi Gargari Department of Architecture, S.R.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0009-9699-708X Seyyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani Department of Architecture, S.R.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5388-7045 Haniyeh Sanaieian Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2792-1777 Journal Article 2025 05 07 Buildings account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption, with poorly performing building envelopes significantly contributing to unsustainable energy demands. This issue is particularly critical in semi-arid climates such as Tehran, where extreme seasonal temperatures result in high residential energy use for heating and cooling. This study aims to address Tehran''s energy efficiency challenges by optimizing the insulation thickness of residential façades in District 15. Using validated simulations conducted in DesignBuilder and informed by GIS data and on-site measurements, three scenarios of rock wool insulation 3 cm, 5 cm, and 7 cm were modeled and analyzed. The results demonstrate that a 7 cm insulation layer achieves the lowest energy consumption (Cooling: 13.01 kWh/m²; Heating: 306.7 kWh/m²), while the 5 cm option represents the most cost-effective solution, yielding an annual energy savings of approximately 2,500 kWh/m². Furthermore, the study confirms that compliance with Iran’s National Building Regulations, specifically Topic 19, leads to an 18.7% reduction in natural gas consumption. These findings offer valuable insights for urban energy policy, particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. Future research should investigate the integration of phase-change materials and conduct multi-climatic simulations to generalize the applicability of the proposed optimization model

https://www.ijumes.com/article_729219_ca6ecbd23810fb38d85dc7d99ea0f79f.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Optimizing Thermal Performance of Double-Wall Systems in Tehran's Climatic Conditions: A Simulation-Based Approach 260 277 731560 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2057838.1307 EN Ashkan Hassani Department of Architecture, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0008-1213-5099 Shooka Khoshbakht Bahramani Department of Architecture, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6987-9987 Vahid Ghobadian Department of Architecture, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-5040-0382 Journal Article 2025 04 13 Energy efficiency is an essential part of sustainable urban development strategies, especially in cities with wide temperature ranges like Tehran, where a significant amount of energy is consumed to maintain occupants’ comfort. Double-wall systems with an air cavity can minimize reliance on mechanical heating and cooling sources; however, there are few quantitative studies of insulation materials in Tehran’s climatic conditions. In this study, we use a simulation-based approach utilizing the DesignBuilder program and EnergyPlus engine to evaluate the thermal performance of eight insulation materials (polystyrene, PVC, rock wool, fiberglass, polyurethane, glass wool, polyurethane foam, and extruded polystyrene) in double wall systems, with insulation thickness ranging from 5 to 15 cm, for a typical residential unit located in Tehran, using the actual climate data to analyze heat transfer .The results showed that both the insulation type and thickness play an important role in energy efficiency. Polyurethane and polyurethane foam delivered the best performance in this study with approximately a 30% reduction in heat transfer at 12 cm thickness. Other materials also exhibited more energy efficiency than a non-insulation process, although performance improvement was limited as thickness increased. The study concludes that high-performance insulation, particularly polyurethane at 12 cm, can effectively enhance thermal efficiency in Tehran’s residential buildings. This research provides a technical basis for optimizing wall systems in urban environments. Future studies should incorporate cost, environmental impacts, and advanced insulation technologies to develop more comprehensive strategies for sustainable building design in Tehran and comparable climates.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_731560_91528dee6c4a69e66ef08af15a8a6c24.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Investigation of factors influencing the natural ventilation pattern of traditional houses emphasis on the orientation of the central courtyard 278 292 727078 10.22034/ijumes.2025.2046810.1273 EN Safoura Rouhi Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban planning, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4048-894X Jamaledin Mahdinejad Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban planning, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5411-5477 Journal Article 2024 11 25 The central courtyard, a defining feature of traditional Iranian architecture, plays a crucial role in environmental adaptation by enhancing natural ventilation in surrounding spaces. Its design integrates various physical configurations that facilitate airflow and temperature regulation, making it particularly effective in hot and arid climates. The methodology of this research is designed to comprehensively examine the natural ventilation performance of central courtyards in traditional Iranian houses. This study examines the physical structure of courtyards in Yazd’s traditional houses, analyzing how their architectural elements interact with wind dynamics. The methodology integrates experimental strategies, simulations, and case studies to analyze the relationship between the physical characteristics of courtyards and their airflow dynamics. Through a mixed-method approach combining experimental measurements, computational simulations, and case studies, this research explores the correlation between courtyard orientation and ventilation efficiency. The findings show that variations in wind direction can significantly amplify wind speed, often tripling its velocity. However, when the courtyard’s main axis aligns tangentially with the prevailing wind direction, unexpected reductions in wind speed occur due to altered aerodynamic behavior. These insights underscore the importance of strategic courtyard design in maximizing passive cooling and airflow efficiency in traditional architecture, contributing to more sustainable urban planning in similar climatic regions. Results show that by refining traditional courtyard designs based on a deeper understanding of airflow behavior, architects can improve passive cooling strategies and overall environmental performance. Future research should examine additional architectural variables, including courtyard height-to-width ratios and surface materials, to further advance sustainable design methodologies.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_727078_892beefe709600eb28eadf7179a9d14d.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Designing an Applied Artificial Intelligence Model for Developing Support Services at Rafidain Bank Branches in IraqRafidain Iraq 293 309 736523 10.22034/ijumes.2025.736523 EN Sadeq Mohammed Ward Almuttwaki Ph.D. Student, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Naser Seifollahi Anar Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran 0000-0003-3084-256X Mohammad Bashokouh Ajirlou Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran 0000-0003-0367-3916 Ghasem Zarei Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran 0000-0002-4949-5871 Journal Article 2025 02 01 Given the expanding role of digital technologies and the increasing significance of AI in enhancing operational efficiency and service quality within the banking sector, the purposeful application of these technologies can substantially improve productivity, accelerate service delivery processes, and increase customer satisfaction. Accordingly, this research was conducted with the goal of identifying key influencing factors and presenting an applied model for AI-based support service development at Rafidain Bank in Iraq. This study is applied in terms of purpose and adopts a mixed-methods research design. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in banking, information technology, and artificial intelligence. Qualitative data were analyzed using Grounded Theory through coding stages, with MAXQDA software employed for data organization. The qualitative phase yielded a conceptual model comprising causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, the core phenomenon, strategies, and consequences. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population comprised employees and managers of Rafidain Bank branches. A sample of 384 participants was selected using simple random sampling based on Cochran’s formula. The data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire derived from qualitative phase components. Structural Equation Modeling using Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) was employed for hypothesis testing, with analyses conducted in SPSS and SmartPLS software. Findings revealed that causal, contextual, and intervening conditions exert a significant positive effect on the core phenomenon of AI-based support service development. The proposed strategies yield outcomes including enhanced operational productivity, improved banking service quality, reduced human error, and elevated customer satisfaction. Model evaluation results demonstrate adequate fit and strong explanatory power.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_736523_a3b8896ea3e7950b5dc05bf023ea7fc7.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 11 23 A Reading of Enrique Oliveira’s “Trans-arquitetônica”, “Baitogogo” and “Tapumes” in Light of the Thought of Gilles Deleuze 310 319 738521 10.22034/ijumes.2025.738521 EN Zeinab Varmazyar Department of Philosophy of Art, Ha.C., Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran 0009-0009-6832-8444 Hossein Ardalani Department of Philosophy of Art, Ha.C., Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran 0009-0003-0382-8364 Abbas Mehrpooya Department of Foreign Languages, Ha.C., Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran 0000-0002-6136-8912 Zahra Golnaz Mantegi Fasaei Department of Dreama, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 10 Gilles Deleuze was a philosopher who, with a creative and at the same time critical outlook, widened the boundaries of philosophy; his collaboration with Félix Guattari and the creation of key concepts such as openness, becoming, the rhizome and the body without organs exerted a profound influence on contemporary thought and offered new ways of perceiving the complex interactions between art and society. Among the outstanding figures of contemporary art is Enrique Oliveira, who, through a creative approach to installation and environmental art, fuses the boundaries of art, architecture and design. The aim of this article is to analyses three signal works by this artist and to read them in light of Deleuze’s thought, pursuing the main research question: what relationship connects Enrique Oliveira’s works to Deleuze’s ideas on the basis of components such as the rhizome, difference-in-repetition and the body without organs? The study proceeds by a descriptive–analytical method, drawing on library sources and content analysis to read three works by Oliveira against Deleuze’s concepts. The findings show that, through works built from a multi-layered system, Oliveira draws the viewer into discovering the hidden dimensions of his art, and that these works succeed in reflecting the concepts and ideas of Gilles Deleuze dissolving fixed form, center and hierarchy and staging becoming, rhizomatic connection and the body without organs. The study concludes that Oliveira’s installations materialize Deleuze’s thought and reframe art and architecture not as collections of fixed objects but as active, continually unfolding processes realized in the encounter with the viewer.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_738521_9e8156a0eebdb8f22d8772d0e6b8efff.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 12 03 Presenting an Electronic Marketing Model in the Tourism Industry of Iraq with an Emphasis on Digital Transformation 320 331 738223 10.22034/ijumes.2025.738223 EN Ali Ibadi Abed Alkhafaji Ph.D. Student, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Mohammad Bashokouh Ajirlou Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran 0000-0003-0367-3916 Hossein Rahimi Kolour Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 0000-0001-9166-1370 Ghasem Zarei Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran 0000-0002-4949-5871 Journal Article 2025 02 19 Over recent decades, digital transformation has brought about fundamental changes in marketing practices and in the way, organizations interact with their customers. As one of the most important economic sectors, the tourism industry has been strongly affected by modern information and communication technologies, and the use of electronic marketing has become one of the key factors in the development and competitiveness of this industry. The present study aims to develop a model of electronic marketing for the tourism industry of Iraq, with an emphasis on digital transformation. The research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method, and it was conducted using the grounded-theory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 experts in the fields of tourism, marketing, and information technology, and were analyzed following the Strauss and Corbin method in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The findings revealed that a variety of causal, contextual, and intervening factors influence the development of electronic marketing in the tourism industry of Iraq, and that managerial and technological strategies can lead to outcomes such as improved interaction with tourists, increased competitiveness, and sustainable tourism development. Finally, a conceptual model of electronic marketing for the tourism industry of Iraq is presented that can serve as a guiding framework for policymakers and managers in this field.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_738223_ddc660e914e92ebcddf137dad30a0a8e.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Future Evolution of Environmental Justice in Tabriz City: Structural Analysis Through Identification and Presentation of Key Driving FactorsIdentification Factors 332 352 740751 10.22034/ijumes.2026.2087608.1365 EN Masoud Haghlesan Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ilk.C., Islamic Azad University, Ilkhchi, Iran. 0000-0001-9826-0086 Journal Article 2026 04 27 Due to rapid urban expansion, environmental justice has become a major challenge in urban planning. Tabriz city in Iran, as a regional economic hub, faces unequal distribution of green space, noise and air pollution, and unequal access to environmental services. This research adopts a forward-looking approach to analyze the current situation and explore possible future pathways of environmental justice. The main objective is to identify and analyze the key driving factors affecting the evolution of environmental justice in Tabriz City. This applied, descriptive-analytical study involved urban management and local environment experts. Data were collected through library research and expert interviews. MAXQDA was used for qualitative coding, and MICMAC structural analysis was applied to determine the influence and dependence of factors and identify key drivers. The findings of the structural analysis showed that four axial codes were identified: challenges, strategies, key factors, and futures studies. The most important challenges included weak supervision, marginalization, and pollution. The most important strategy was culturalization. National policies, with an influence of 696, were identified as the most important external factor. Culturalization was the most comprehensive strategy (17 points), and pollution was the most critical challenge (13 points). The results shows that weak supervision and enforcement is the main challenge of environmental justice in Tabriz city. Culturalization is the key tool for transformation. Success requires simultaneous attention to national policies and local actions. The future of the city fluctuates between optimistic and pessimistic scenarios.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_740751_4e788d8a24915868c5769d0c2e482bd3.pdf

Iranian Sustainable Building Scientific Association International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability 2538-1628 6 4 2025 10 01 Laboratory Analysis of the Hydrodynamic Behavior of Perforated Breakwaters Constructed from Recycled Materials 353 365 739086 10.22034/ijumes.2026.2097984.1396 EN Jamil Ahmadi Department of Civil Engineering, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0004-8484-6309 Mohammad Hadi Tavana Department of Civil Engineering, Ker.C., Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0001-6785-7840 Ehsan Delavari Department of Civil Engineering, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-6754-7962 Shamsa Basirat Department of Civil Engineering, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-8946-0326 Journal Article 2025 08 25 Population growth and intensive development along coastlines have increased the demand for effective, low-cost and environmentally responsible coastal-protection structures. Problem statement: Conventional rock and concrete breakwaters consume large volumes of natural resources, impose high construction costs and disrupt near-shore water circulation and sediment transport; a permeable alternative that dissipates wave energy while preserving water exchange is therefore needed, particularly for the ports and waterways of Iran’s southern coasts along the Persian Gulf. Aim: This study analyses, through physical modelling, the hydrodynamic behavior of perforated breakwaters built from recycled materials and identifies the configuration that best combines wave attenuation with structural stability. Methodology: Physical models with single-row, double-row, double-sided, horizontal and vertical arrangements were tested in a wave flume at a 1:13 scale under regular waves. Perforations of varying number and diameter were introduced on the front and rear faces, and the reflection coefficient, run-up, transmission coefficient, uplift force and overturning moment were measured. Findings: The perforations effectively dissipated wave energy and reduced reflection, transmission, uplift and overturning moments. Horizontal perforated breakwaters near the water surface experienced lower uplift. Increasing the perforation percentage from 7% to 42.78% raised energy dissipation and lowered run-up, whereas increasing it further to 78.5% reversed the trend; the 42.78% configuration minimized wave transmission. Conclusion: The best overall performance was obtained with the two-row, double-sided breakwater in a combined wave-facing arrangement, which showed minimal displacement and the greatest stability, confirming perforated breakwaters made from recycled materials as a sustainable and effective coastal-protection option.

https://www.ijumes.com/article_739086_a8417b5a83fd76708ec0724d089727c7.pdf