International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability

International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability

Thermal Behavior Analysis of Semi-Open Space in Residential Complexes of Mashhad County with the Help of ENVI-met Software

Document Type : Case Study

Authors
Danial Goshayeshi 1
Seyyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani 2
Shabnam Teimourtash 3
Mohsen Tabassi 4
1 Doctoral Researcher in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
10.22034/ijumes.2024.2036488.1238
Abstract
Building form has a great influence on energy conservation and a correct architectural design can play a significant role in this field. Shading and its impact on thermal comfort of the residents are among the concepts which are of great importance in the subject of buildings' architectural design with regard to the regional climate. In this paper, an attempt was made to analyze the thermal behavior extent of these semi-open spaces in residential complexes of Mashhad County with the help of ENVI-met software. Therefore, the present paper, which is based on a simulation approach, investigates and analyzes the thermal comfort in semi-open spaces. By comparing different models simulated with Envi-met software, it can be found out that none of the investigated models achieve the thermal comfort conditions on the day of the summer solstice, but the double-closed model, located on the central side of the building, provides the maximum amount of thermal comfort conditions at a rate of 6 hours on the day of the winter solstice. After this model, the one side closed ones, located in the central side of the building, and three sides closed ones, located in the western side of the building, provide the most thermal comfort time. The weakest models in terms of the duration of providing thermal comfort conditions are the one sided closed and double-closed models located on the west side of the building, which never provide thermal comfort conditions during the summer and winter solstice days.
Keywords
ENVI-met Software
Mashhad city
residential complexes
semi-Open space
thermal comfort
  • Abdallah, A. S. H., Hussein, S. W., & Nayel, M. (2020). The impact of outdoor shading strategies on student thermal comfort in open spaces between education buildings. Sustainable Cities and Society,
  • Aghapour, A., & Taban, M. (2020). A study of the impact of vegetation in improving the thermal comfort conditions in outdoor spaces. In National Conference on Building, Environment and Energy Consumption Management(pp. x-y). Ahwaz.
  • Aghniaey, S., & Lawrence, T. M. (2018). The impact of increased cooling setpoint temperature during demand response events on occupant thermal comfort in commercial buildings: A review. Energy and Buildings,173, 19-27.
  • Akbari, H., & Hosseininejad, F. S. (2019). The angles of building layout to benefit from solar radiant energy: Case study of Tehran. Geographical Research, (3),34, 427-436.
  • Alijani, B., & Kaviani, M. R. (1992). Fundamentals of meteorology.SAMT Publications.
  • ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017. (2017). Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy.American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
  • Baruti, M. M., Johansson, E., & Åstrand, J. (2019). Review of studies on outdoor thermal comfort in warm humid climates: Challenges of informal urban fabric. International Journal of Biometeorology,63, 1449-1462.
  • Bazari, S., Gorji Mahlbani, Y., & Sajjadi, B. (2020). Improving the level of thermal comfort and energy consumption in two-layer façades using phase-changing materials. In First National Conference on Sustainable Housing(pp. x-y). Tehran.
  • Becken, S. (2012). Measuring the effect of weather on tourism: A destination and activity-based analysis. Journal of Travel Research,52(2), 1-156.
  • Behzadian-Mehr, A., Alijani, B., & Rahnama, M. R. (2017). Climatic design and determining the optimal orientation of buildings and streets in relation to radiation in Mashhad City. Geography and Regional Development, (2),29, 197-216.
  • Bonyani, F., Memarzia, K., Habibi, A., & Fatahi, K. (2018). Spatial continuity in the transition from open to closed space. Architectural Thought, (2),4, 63-76.
  • Canan, F., Golasi, I., Falasca, S., & Salata, F. (2020). Outdoor thermal perception and comfort conditions in the Köppen-Geiger climate category BSk: One-year field survey and measurement campaign in Konya, Turkey. Science of the Total Environment,738, 140295.
  • Cao, B., Luo, M., Li, M., & Zhu, Y. (2018). Thermal comfort in semi-outdoor spaces within an office building in Shenzhen: A case study in a hot climate region of China. Indoor Built Environment,27, 1431–1444.
  • Cardoso, V., Ramos, N. M., Almeida, R. M., Barreira, E., Poças Martins, J., & Simoes, M. L. (2018). A discussion about thermal comfort evaluation in a bus terminal. Energy and Buildings,168, 86–96.
  • Colter, K. R., Middel, A. C., & Martin, C. A. (2019). Effects of natural and artificial shade on human thermal comfort in residential neighborhood parks of Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,44, 126429.
  • Dahlan, N. D., & Gital, Y. Y. (2016). Thermal sensations and comfort investigations in transient conditions in tropical office buildings. Applied Ergonomics,54, 169–176.
  • Dai, Q. (2014). The impact of urban form on thermal comfort across street zones (Doctoral dissertation, Chinese University of Hong Kong).
  • De Freitas, C. R. (2003). Tourism climatology: Evaluating environmental information for decision-making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. International Journal of Biometeorology,48(1), 45-54.
  • Dehkhoda, A. A. (1998). Dehkhoda Dictionary.Tehran University Publications.
  • Du, X., Bokel, R., & Van den Dobbelsteen, A. (2019). Spatial configuration, building microclimate, and thermal comfort: A modern house case. Energy and Buildings,193, 185-200.
  • Elnabawi, M. H., Hamza, N., & Dudek, S. (2016). Thermal perception of outdoor urban spaces in the hot arid region of Cairo, Egypt. Sustainable Cities and Society,22, 136-145.
  • El-Sharkawy, H. M. A. (1980). Territoriality: A model for architectural design.
  • Eslami, M. A., Nowzari Ferdowsieh, A., & Tahbaz, M. (2016). Climatic design solutions of outdoor passages (case study: Kashan University sidewalks). City Identity,33-46.
  • Fanger, P. O. (1970). Thermal comfort: Analysis and applications in environmental engineering.
  • Farajzadeh, H., & Matzarakis, A. (2012). Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in Ourmieh Lake, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,107, 451–459.
  • Farivar, S., & Agharabi, A. (2020). Presentation of climatic solutions in architecture to achieve thermal comfort in Mashhad City. In First National Conference on Sustainable Housing(pp. x-y). Tehran.
  • Ghorbanizadeh Kharrazi, H., & Chelemal Dezfulnejad, M. (2014). Invention of a new climate classification method based on hydrometeorology
  • Goshayeshi, D., Shahidan, M. F., Khafi, F., & Ehtesham, E. (2013). A review of researches about human thermal comfort in semi-outdoor spaces. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences,2(4), 516-523.
  • Goshayeshi, D., Zaky Jaafar, M., Fairuz Shahidan, M., & Khafi, F. (2013). Thermal comfort differences between polycarbonate and opaque roofing material installed in bus stations of Malaysia. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences,2(3), 368-379.
  • Grigorieva, E. A., & Matzarakis, A. (2010). Physiologically Equivalent Temperature in extreme climate regions in the Russian Far East: Preliminary results. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation,3(2), 127-142.
  • Habib, F., & Barzegar, Z. (2012). Evaluation of building direction on the efficiency of vertical shades. Research project. Tehran: Faculty of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Department, Islamic Azad University.
  • Hensel, H. (1981). Thermoreception and temperature regulation. Monograph of the Physiological Society.
  • Hillier, B., & Hanson, J. (1989). The social logic of space.Cambridge University Press.
  • Höppe, P. (2002). Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy and Buildings,34(6), 661-665.
  • Hsieh, C. M., Jan, F. C., & Zhang, L. (2016). A simplified assessment of how tree allocation, wind environment, and shading affect human comfort. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,18, 126-137.
  • (2018). The future of cooling: Opportunities for energy efficient air conditioning.IEA Publications.
  • Jafari, G. H. (2008). Annual survey of the solar elevation angle in the sloping surfaces of Iran. Geographical Thought, (2),3, 30-50.
  • Jamei, E., Rajagopalan, P., Seyedmahmoudian, M., & Jamei, Y. (2016). Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,54, 1002-1017.
  • Jendritzky, G., Menz, G., Schmidt-Kessen, W., & Schirmer, H. (1990). Methodik zur räumlichen Bewertung der thermischen Komponente im Bioklima des Menschen. Akademie für Raumforschung und Landesplanung.
  • Johansson, E., & Emmanuel, R. (2006). The influence of urban design on outdoor thermal comfort in the hot, humid city of Colombo, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Biometeorology,51, 119-133.
  • Khoshbakht, Y., Madi, H., & Azmoudeh, M. (2020). An investigation into the geometry of urban blocks in the amount of thermal comfort of outdoor space in the cold period of the year (case study: Hamedan City). In The 7th National Conference of Modern Studies and Research in the Field of Geography, Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran(pp. x-y). Tehran.
  • Klemm, W., Heusinkveld, B. G., Lenzholzer, S., Jacobs, M. H., & Van Hove, B. (2015). Psychological and physical impact of urban green spaces on outdoor thermal comfort during summertime in The Netherlands. Building and Environment,83, 120-128.
  • Labdaoui, K., Mazouz, S., Acidi, A., Cools, M., Moeinaddini, M., & Teller, J. (2021). Utilizing thermal comfort and walking facilities to propose a comfort walkability index (CWI) at the neighbourhood level. Building and Environment,193, 107627.
  • Lee, H., & Mayer, H. (2016). Validation of the mean radiant temperature simulated by the RayMan software in urban environments. International Journal of Biometeorology,60, 1775–1785.
  • Lee, H., Mayer, H., & Schindler, D. (2014). Importance of 3-D radiant flux densities for outdoor human thermal comfort on clear-sky summer days in Freiburg, Southwest Germany. Meteorologische Zeitschrift,23(3), 315–330.
  • Lee, I., Voogt, J. A., & Gillespie, T. J. (2018). Analysis and comparison of shading strategies to increase human thermal comfort in urban areas. Atmosphere,9(3), 91.
  • Liang, C., Hien, N., & Kardinal, S. (2013). Outdoor mean radiant temperature estimation in the tropical climate of Singapore. Urban Climate,3, 1-17.
  • Makaremi, N., Salleh, E., Jaafar, M. Z., & Ghaffarian Hoseini, A. H. (2012). Thermal comfort conditions of shaded outdoor spaces in the hot and humid climate of Malaysia. Building and Environment,48, 7-14.
  • Malaktou, E., & Michael, A. (2018). The environmental and social role of semi-open spaces in vernacular architecture of the eastern Mediterranean area: The case of Cyprus. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment,217, 599-611.
  • Matzarakis, A. (2001). Assessing climate for tourism purposes: Existing methods and tools for the thermal complex. In A. Matzarakis & C. R. de Freitas (Eds.), Proceedings of the first international workshop on climate, tourism and recreation,101-112. International Society of Biometeorology.
  • Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., & Chmielewski, F. M. (Eds.). (2007). Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Biometeorology. Meteorol. Inst. Univ. Freiburg No. 20, 386-391.
  • Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. (2007). Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments - Application of the RayMan model. International Journal of Biometeorology,51, 323-334.
  • Memarian, A., & Navid, N. (2014). The lost space of architecture in the context of urban lost space. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology,3(5), 311-321.
  • Nasrollahi, N., Hatami, Z., & Taleghani, M. (2017). Development of outdoor thermal comfort model for tourists in urban historical areas: A case study in Isfahan. Building and Environment,125, 356-372.
  • Nouri, A. S., & Costa, J. P. (2017). Addressing thermophysiological thresholds and psychological aspects during hot and dry Mediterranean summers through public space design: The case of Rossio. Building and Environment,118, 67-90.
  • Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., & Voogt, J. A. (2017). Urban climates.Cambridge University Press.
  • Pakzad, J., Torabi, M., Ghasemi, M., & Torkzad, N. (2018). Theoretical foundations and process of urban design. Shahidi Publishing House,
  • Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., & Sinha, R. (2008). Climate resilient cities: A primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters.The World Bank.
  • Pyrgou, A., Castaldo, V. L., Pisello, A. L., Cotana, F., & Santamouris, M. (2017). Differentiating responses of weather files and local climate change to explain variations in building thermal-energy performance simulations. Solar Energy,153, 224-237.
  • Rafiei Moghaddam, R., & Nikpour, M. (2020). An investigation into the impact of window level on the increase of annual thermal comfort hours in the educational spaces of Kerman City. In The 7th National Conference on Applied Researches in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Management(pp. x-y). Tehran.
  • Rezaei, N., & Tahbaz, M. (2016). Evaluation of climatic quality of open and semi-open connection routes of Kashan University Campus. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 16,163-181.
  • Santamouris, M., Ding, L., Fiorito, F., Oldfield, P., Osmond, P., Paolini, R., Prasad, D., & Synnefa, A. (2017). Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment: Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation technologies using performance data from 220 large-scale projects. Solar Energy,154, 14-33.
  • Sharafkhani, R., Khanjani, N., Bakhtiari, B., Jahani, Y., Entezarmahdi, R., & Farajzadeh, H. (2020). The effect of physiological equivalent temperature index variations on mortality in Urmia (The Northwest of Iran). Urban Climate,32, 100595.
  • Shooshtarian, S., Lam, C. K. C., & Kenawy, I. (2020). Outdoor thermal comfort assessment: A review on thermal comfort research in Australia. Building and Environment,
  • Srivanit, M., & Jareemit, D. (2016). Human thermal perception and outdoor thermal comfort under shaded conditions in summer: A field study in an institutional campus. In The sixth International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment (Special Session: Urban Climate & Urban Air Pollution (UCUA),537-540).
  • Tahbaz, M., & Jalilian, S. (2015). The role of pavement materials on the microclimate of outdoors: Field research in university campus. Fine Arts - Architecture and Urbanism, 4,21-32.
  • Taleb Safa, S., & Taheri Shahraaeini, M. (2019). An investigation into the factors influencing thermal comfort of outdoor space. In The 6th National Conference on Applied Researches in Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Management(pp. x-y). Tehran.
  • Taleghani, M. (2018). The impact of increasing urban surface albedo on outdoor summer thermal comfort within a university campus. Urban Climate,24, 175-184.
  • Tao, Y., Lau, S. S. Y., Gou, Z., Zhang, J., & Tablada, A. (2019). An investigation of semi-outdoor learning spaces in the tropics: Spatial settings, thermal environments, and user perceptions. Indoor and Built Environment,28(10), 1368-1382.
  • (1998). Methods for the human-biometeorological assessment of climate and air hygiene for urban and regional planning.VDI 3787.
  • Venturi, R., & Brownlee, D. B. (1977). Complexity and contradiction in architecture(Vol. 1). The Museum of Modern Art.
  • Yang, S. Q., & Matzarakis, A. (2019). Implementation of human thermal comfort and air humidity in Köppen-Geiger climate classification and importance towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,138(1), 981-998.
  • Yassaghi, H., & Hoque, S. (2019). An overview of climate change and building energy: Performance, responses, and uncertainties. Buildings,9(7), 166.
  • Yilmaz, S., Irmak, M. A., & Matzarakis, A. (2020). Assessment of the impact of green roofs on thermal comfort in urban environments: A case study in Istanbul, Turkey. Sustainable Cities and Society,54, 102005.
  • Zarkesh, A. (2011). The concept of semi-open space in architecture. Mah Honar Book,92, 155.
International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability
Volume 5, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
Summer 2024
Pages 167-196

  • Receive Date 15 May 2024
  • Revise Date 14 July 2024
  • Accept Date 17 August 2024