Mitigating Pedestrian Thermal Discomfort: A Review of Design Strategies for Urban Thermal Walkability

Ghorbanian, Mahshid

doi:10.22034/ijumes.2026.2069675.1324

Mitigating Pedestrian Thermal Discomfort: A Review of Design Strategies for Urban Thermal Walkability

Document Type : Case Study

Author

Mahshid Ghorbanian

Assistant Professor, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

10.22034/ijumes.2026.2069675.1324

Abstract

Thermal walking has gained prominence in urban design as cities face rising temperatures and expanding urban heat islands. Understanding how pedestrians experience rapidly changing thermal conditions is essential for improving walkability, health, and urban livability. This review aims to: (1) synthesize recent research on outdoor thermal comfort indicators; (2) identify microclimatic and design factors affecting thermal walking; (3) summarize climate-responsive design strategies; and (4) outline key challenges and future directions. A systematic literature review was conducted using Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2010 to 2023. Peer-reviewed research on outdoor thermal comfort, pedestrian movement, and urban design was thematically coded and compared across climatic contexts, focusing on microclimatic variables, biometeorological indices (PET, UTCI, SET), subjective measures (TSV, TCV), and design interventions. Mean Radiant Temperature consistently emerges as a major determinant of pedestrian thermal sensation. Urban geometry, materials, vegetation, and water features substantially influence radiant flux, shading, and ventilation. No single index fully captures thermal walking; integrating objective and subjective indicators provides the most robust assessment. Advances in thermal imaging, mobile sensing, and CFD modeling enhance evaluation accuracy, though climatic variability, financial constraints, and retrofitting challenges persist. Improving thermal walking requires adaptive, context-specific strategies that combine climate-responsive design, real-time environmental data, and human-centric insights. As climate change accelerates, thermally responsive pedestrian environments will be critical for supporting active mobility, public health, and sustainable urban development.

Graphical Abstract

Mitigating Pedestrian Thermal Discomfort: A Review of Design Strategies for Urban Thermal Walkability

Highlights

• Thermal walkability depends on the interaction of microclimate, urban form, and human perception.

• PET, UTCI, SET, TSV, and TCV should be integrated to assess pedestrian thermal comfort.

• Vegetation, street geometry, and cool materials consistently improve outdoor thermal comfort.

• Adaptive and data-driven urban design enhances thermal resilience and pedestrian experience.

• Human-centered thermal walkability supports healthier, more livable, and sustainable cities.

Keywords

Climate-Responsive Design

microclimate Indicators

thermal comfort

thermal walking

urban spaces

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