International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability

International Journal of Urban Management and Energy Sustainability

Mineralization and Geochemical Study of Manganese Deposits Associated with Ophiolites in Northwest Lorestan Province (Noorabad-Delfan)

Document Type : Case Study

Author
Department of Geology, Payam Noor University, Mailbox 3697-19395, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Manganese deposits hosted by radiolarian cherts in the uppermost parts of Neotethyan ophiolites are common in Iran, yet the geochemical signatures and origin of the occurrences in the Kermanshah–Borujerd ophiolite zone remain poorly documented. This study aims to provide mineralogical and geochemical evidence for the mineralization processes of the manganese deposit in the Noorabad-Delfan area, northwest Lorestan Province, and to support manganese exploration in the region. Forty samples were collected from the ophiolitic sequence for petrographic and mineragraphic study, and ten ore samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The ore forms small, irregular lenses interbedded with radiolarian cherts and mudstones. Mineralization developed in a syngenetic stage, with jasperoid and silicified veins, and a later epigenetic stage of stockworks, veins and veinlets cutting the carbonate units and the syngenetic ore. The paragenesis is simple and dominated by pyrolusite and braunite. The absence of iron-bearing phases and the massive, poorly crystalline pyrolusite indicate rapid primary precipitation from hydrothermal fluids with strong Fe–Mn fractionation. Mn/Fe ratios of 4.32–4.73, low Al and Ti contents, high SiO₂, low Co, Ni and Cu, and Co/Zn ratios of 0.15–2.07 point to a submarine hydrothermal origin. Primary manganese was deposited with biogenic silica near a mid-ocean ridge in the Neotethys and was later remobilized along major faults. The Noorabad-Delfan deposit is therefore of submarine hydrothermal origin, and the combined mineralogical and geochemical criteria can guide focused exploration for radiolarite-hosted manganese in the Zagros ophiolites.

Graphical Abstract

Mineralization and Geochemical Study of Manganese Deposits Associated with Ophiolites in Northwest Lorestan Province (Noorabad-Delfan)

Highlights

•     The first integrated mineralogical and geochemical study characterizes the radiolarite-hosted manganese deposit of Noorabad-Delfan in the Kermanshah–Borujerd (Zagros) ophiolite zone.

•     Forty ophiolitic-sequence samples were studied petrographically and ten ore samples analyzed by XRF spectrometry for major and trace elements.

•     The ore has a simple paragenesis dominated by pyrolusite and braunite and formed in a syngenetic stage followed by a later epigenetic stage of veins and stockworks.

•     High Mn/Fe ratios (4.32–4.73), low Al, Ti, Co, Ni and Cu, high SiO₂ and Co/Zn ratios of 0.15–2.07 indicate a submarine hydrothermal origin with strong Fe–Mn fractionation.

•     Primary manganese precipitated with biogenic silica near a Neotethyan mid-ocean ridge and was remobilized along faults, giving diagnostic criteria for exploring radiolarite-hosted manganese in the Zagros ophiolites.

Keywords

Adachi, M., Yamamoto, K., & Sugisaki, R. (1986). Hydrothermal chert and associated siliceous rocks from the northern Pacific: Their geological significance as indication of ocean ridge activity. Sedimentary Geology, 47(1–2), 125–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(86)90075-8
Afzal, P., Abdideh, M., & Daneshvar Saein, L. (2023). Separation of productivity index zones using fractal models to identify promising areas of fractured reservoir rocks. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, 13(9), 1901–1910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13202-023-01657-8
Ahmed, A. H., Al-Khirbash, S., & Semhi, K. (2024). Mineralogy, geochemistry and origin of Late Cretaceous ironstone deposits, Oman Mountains. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 550, 1–30.
Alavi, M. (1994). Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: New data and interpretations. Tectonophysics, 229(3–4), 211–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90030-2
Allahyari, K., Saccani, E., Pourmoafi, M., Beccaluva, L., & Masoudi, F. (2010). Petrology of mantle peridotites and intrusive mafic rocks from the Kermanshah ophiolitic complex (Zagros belt, Iran): Implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic branch between Arabia and Iran. Ofioliti, 35(2), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.4454/ofioliti.v35i2.387
Azami, K., Doshita, T., Kayama, K., Machida, S., Nakamura, K., Kato, Y., & Uchida, E. (2024). Formation of hydrothermal ferromanganese oxides in the Daini-Nishi-Yamato Seamount, Sea of Japan: Do they really contain critical-metal particles? Ore Geology Reviews, 172. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136824003354
Barak, S., Imamalipour, A., & Abedi, M. (2023). Application of fuzzy gamma operator for mineral prospectivity mapping, case study: Sonajil area. Journal of Mining and Environment, 14(3), 981–997. https://doi.org/10.22044/jme.2023.12954.2352
Barak, S., Imamalipour, A., & Abedi, M. (2024). Employing multiple prospectivity mapping and exploration targeting, a case study from the Sonajil porphyry copper deposit, north-western Iran. Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography, 65(4), 715–740. https://doi.org/10.4430/bgo00462
Berdnikov, N., Kepezhinskas, P., Nevstruev, V., Krutikova, V., Konovalova, N., & Savatenkov, V. (2023). Magmatic-hydrothermal origin of Fe-Mn deposits in the Lesser Khingan Range (Russian Far East): Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical evidence. Minerals, 13(11), 1366. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13111366
Bolton, B. R., Both, R., Exon, N. F., Hamilton, T. F., Ostwald, J., & Smith, J. D. (1988). Geochemistry and mineralogy of seafloor hydrothermal and hydrogenetic Mn oxide deposits from the Manus Basin and Bismarck Archipelago region of the southwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Geology, 85(1), 65–87.
Bonatti, E., Fisher, D. E., Joensuu, O., Rydell, H. S., & Beyth, M. (1972). Iron-manganese-barium deposit from the northern Afar Rift (Ethiopia). Economic Geology, 67(6), 717–730. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.67.6.717
Brusnitsyn, A. I., & Zhukov, I. G. (2012). Manganese deposits of the Devonian Magnitogorsk palaeovolcanic belt (Southern Urals, Russia). Ore Geology Reviews, 47, 42–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.01.003
Choi, J. H., & Hariya, Y. (1992). Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposits in the Tokoro Belt, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan. Economic Geology, 87(5), 1265–1274. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1265
Crerar, D. A., Namson, J., Chyi, M. S., Williams, L., & Feigenson, M. D. (1982). Manganiferous cherts of the Franciscan assemblage: I. General geology, ancient and modern analogues, and implications for hydrothermal convection at oceanic spreading centers. Economic Geology, 77(3), 519–540. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.3.519
Emamalipour, A. (2009). Mineralogy and geochemistry of manganese-iron deposits in ophiolite deposits north of Chaldaran, northwest Iran. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 18(1), 3–14.
Erlandsson, V. B., Foltyn, K., Muchez, P., Rantitsch, G., Ellmies, R., & Melcher, F. (2025). Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite chemistry in stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) metallogenic districts: Trace element characteristics and factors controlling polymetallic mineralization. Mineralium Deposita, 60, 869–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01320-0
Farfan, G. A., McKeown, D. A., & Post, J. E. (2023). Mineralogical characterization of biosilicas versus geological analogs. Geobiology, 21(4), 520–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12553
Fotoohi-Rad, G., Yousefzadeh, M. H., & Esmaeili, Z. (2023). Petrology of the metabasites of Dezg ophiolite mélange complex, southeast of Qayen, east of Iran. Journal of Geomine, 1(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.22077/jgm.2023.6485.1009
Frings, P. J., Panizzo, V. N., Sutton, J. N., & Ehlert, C. (2024). Diatom silicon isotope ratios in Quaternary research: Where do we stand? Quaternary Science Reviews, 344, 108966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108966
Ghasemi, A., & Talbot, C. J. (2006). A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(6), 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.01.003
Ghasemi, S., Imamalipour, A., & Barak, S. (2024). Application of fractal modeling for accurate resources estimation in the Qarah Tappeh copper deposit, NW Iran. Journal of Mining and Environment, 15(4), 1563–1577.
Ghazi, A. M., & Hassanipak, A. A. (1999). Geochemistry of subalkaline and alkaline extrusives from the Kermanshah ophiolite, Zagros Suture Zone, western Iran: Implications for Tethyan plate tectonics. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17(3), 319–332.
Gómez-Gajardo, A., Moncada, D., & Pascale, G. P. D. (2024). Mineralized structures from the Alhué mining district, Chile: Using fluid inclusions and textures. Ore Geology Reviews, 169, 106062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106062
Guo, X., Lu, Y., Zhang, Q., Ren, J., & Cai, W. (2024). The geological characteristics, resource potential, and development status of manganese deposits in Africa. Minerals, 14(11), 1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111088
Gursky, H.-J. (2023). Radiolarian cherts and associated siliceous rocks of the Rhenish Massif and Harz Mountains, lower Carboniferous (Mississippian), Germany. PalZ, 97(4), 769–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-022-00643-5
Haghighi, A., Imamalipour, A., & Barak, S. (2024). Leveraging EDA, fractal analysis, SFA, and GMPI for identifying geochemical anomalies in Siah Cheshmeh ophiolite area, NW Iran. Geopersia. https://doi.org/10.22059/geope.2024.380369.648769
Hashempour, S. S., Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., & González, F. J. (2023). Mohammadabad manganese deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin, Iran: Evidence of sea-floor exhalation and geochemical studies in the Late Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 245. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0375674222001856
Haskin, L. A., Frey, F. A., Schmitt, R. A., & Smith, R. H. (1966). Meteoritic, solar and terrestrial rare-earth distributions. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 7, 167–321.
Heidari, S. M., Afzal, P., & Sadeghi, B. (2024). Molybdenum and gold distribution variances within Iranian copper porphyry deposits. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 261, 107471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2024.107471
Hein, J. R., Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P., Manheim, F. T., Bau, M., Kang, J.-K., & Lubick, N. (1997). Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 119, 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.09
Jach, R., & Dudek, T. (2005). Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Križna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland. Chemical Geology, 224(1–3), 136–152.
Karakus, A., Yavuz, B., & Koc, S. (2010). Mineralogy and major-trace element geochemistry of the Haymana manganese mineralizations, Ankara, Turkey. Geochemistry International, 48(10), 1014–1027. https://doi.org/10.1134/S001670291010006X
Khodami, M., Torabi Kaveh, M., & Sherafat, S. (2024). Geochemistry of the Kuh-e-Chehr manganese deposit, northeast of Ardakan, Yazd Province. Advanced Applied Geology, 14(3), 737–754.
Kiani, M. (2011). Geology and petrology of Aleshtar–Kermanshah ophiolitic complex [Master’s thesis, Islamic Azad University of Lorestan].
Latif, D., Mohammad, Y., & Baziany, M. (2022). Mineralogy and origin of the manganese deposit in the Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Insight to serpentinization-induced manganese production scenario. Iraqi Geological Journal, 55, 178–200. https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1F.15Ms-2022-06-30
Latif, D. A., Mohammad, Y. O., Qadir, M. M., & Azizi, H. (2025). Geochemical characteristics of hydrothermal manganese deposits in the Sulaimani metallogenic district, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A serpentinization marker. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.57647/j.ijes.2025.1701.06
Li, F., Yin, H., Zhu, T., & Zhuang, W. (2024). Understanding the role of manganese oxides in retaining harmful metals: Insights into oxidation and adsorption mechanisms at microstructure level. Eco-Environment & Health, 3(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2024.01.002
Liu, X., Richard, A., Pironon, J., & Rusk, B. G. (2023). Vein formation and reopening in a cooling yet intermittently pressurized hydrothermal system: The single-intrusion Tongchang porphyry Cu deposit. Geosciences, 13(4), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13040107
Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Mousivand, F., Choulet, F., & Ye, L. (2017). Geological and geochemical constraints on the Cheshmeh-Frezi volcanogenic stratiform manganese deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 89, 96–113.
Maynard, J. B. (2010). The chemistry of manganese ores through time: A signal of increasing diversity of Earth-surface environments. Economic Geology, 105(3), 535–552. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.535
Moghaddasi, S. J., Ebrahimi, M., & Mohammadi, F. (2019). Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Gozaldarreh iron skarn deposit, southeast Zanjan. Journal of Economic Geology, 11(1), 33–55. (In Persian with English abstract)
Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C. L., & Sahandi, M. R. (2003). Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4), 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00035-4
Mohammad, Y. O., Ali, S. A., Aziz, N. R., Yara, I. O., & Abdulla, K. L. (2021). Comment on “Generation and exhumation of granitoid intrusions in the Penjween ophiolite complex, NW Zagros of the Kurdistan region of Iraq: Implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone” by Ismail et al., 2020. Lithos, 390–391, 105915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105915
Nazari, M., Arian, M. A., Solgi, A., Zareisahamieh, R., & Yazdi, A. (2023). Geochemistry and tectonomagmatic environment of Eocene volcanic rocks in the southeastern region of Abhar, NW Iran. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15(4), 228–247. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijes.2023.1956689.1746
Nicholson, K. (1992). Contrasting mineralogical–geochemical signatures of manganese oxides: Guides to metallogenesis. Economic Geology, 87(5), 1253–1264. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1253
Nutman, A., Ali, S., Mohammad, Y., Jones, B. G., & Zhang, Q. (2022). The early Eocene (48 Ma) Qaladeza trondhjemite formed by wet partial remelting of mafic crust in the arc-related Bulfat Igneous Complex (Kurdistan, Iraq): Constraints on the timing of Neotethys closure. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(8), 679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09975-7
Öksüz, N. (2011). Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun-Yozgat) manganese deposit, Turkey. Journal of Rare Earths, 29(3), 287–296.
Ousta, S. H., Ashja-Ardalan, A., Yazdi, A., Dabiri, R., & Arian, M. A. (2024). Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Miocene dikes in the southeast of Bam (SE Iran): Constraints on the development of active continental margin. Geopersia, 14(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.22059/geope.2023.364334.648729
Paravarzar, S., Mokhtari, Z., Afzal, P., & Aliyari, F. (2023). Application of an approximate geostatistical simulation algorithm to delineate the gold mineralized zones characterized by fractal methodology. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 200, 104865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2023.104865
Park, K., Jung, J., Park, J., Ko, Y., Lee, Y., & Yang, K. (2023). Geochemical-mineralogical analysis of ferromanganese oxide precipitated on porifera in the Magellan seamount, western Pacific. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1086610. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1086610
Peters, T. (1988). Geochemistry of manganese-bearing cherts associated with Alpine ophiolites and the Hawasina formations in Oman. Marine Geology, 84(3–4), 229–238.
Polgári, M., Hein, J. R., Vigh, T., Szabó-Drubina, M., Fórizs, I., Bíró, L., Müller, A., & Tóth, A. L. (2012). Microbial processes and the origin of the Úrkút manganese deposit, Hungary. Ore Geology Reviews, 47, 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.10.001
Pourgholam, M. M., Afzal, P., Adib, A., Rahbar, K., & Gholinejad, M. (2024). Recognition of REEs anomalies using an image fusion fractal-wavelet model in Tarom metallogenic zone, NW Iran. Geochemistry, 84, 126093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2024.126093
Rajabzadeh, M. A., & Zaman-Sani, N. (2013). Study of manganese mineralization within the Neyriz ophiolite coloured mélange in the Abadeh-Tashk area, Fars Province, using mineralogical and geochemical data. Journal of Economic Geology, 5(2), 201–214. (In Persian with English abstract)
Ren, J., He, G., Deng, X., Deng, X., Yang, Y., Yao, H., & Yang, S. (2022). Metallogenesis of Co-rich ferromanganese nodules in the northwestern Pacific: Selective enrichment of metallic elements from seawater. Ore Geology Reviews, 143, 104778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104778
Roy, S. (1992). Environments and processes of manganese deposition. Economic Geology, 87(5), 1213–1236. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1213
Roy, S. (1997). Genetic diversity of manganese deposition in the terrestrial geological record. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 119, 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.02
Ruhlin, D. E., & Owen, R. M. (1986). The rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal sediments from the East Pacific Rise: Examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50(3), 393–400.
Saccani, E., Allahyari, K., Beccaluva, L., & Bianchini, G. (2013). Geochemistry and petrology of the Kermanshah ophiolites (Iran): Implication for the interaction between passive rifting, oceanic accretion, and OIB-type components in the Southern Neo-Tethys Ocean. Gondwana Research, 24(1), 392–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.10.009
Safarov, R. Z., Baikenov, Y. A., Zhandildenova, A. K., Kopishev, E. E., Kamatov, R. M., Kargin, J. B., Cornejo, H. S., Barnes, C. H. W., & Valladares, L. D. L. S. (2025). Phase transitions and structural evolution of manganese ores during high-temperature treatment. Metals, 15(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15010089
Sanchez Siachoque, C. L. (2023). Geochemical mapping of the north-central portion of the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Alaska, United States: Application of exploratory data analysis (EDA) to REE and PGE mining prospection [Doctoral dissertation, Politecnico di Torino].
Sasmaz, A., Turkyilmaz, B., Ozturk, N., Yavuz, F., & Kumral, M. (2014). Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ–Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews, 56, 352–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.012
Sepahvand, M. (2014). Geology, geochemistry and determination of the genesis of the Sorkhvand manganese deposit, southwest of Harsin, Kermanshah Province [Master’s thesis, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz].
Shah, M. T., & Khan, A. (1999). Geochemistry and origin of Mn-deposits in the Waziristan ophiolite complex, north Waziristan, Pakistan. Mineralium Deposita, 34, 697–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050228
Shah, M. T., & Moon, C. J. (2007). Manganese and ferromanganese ores from different tectonic settings in the NW Himalayas, Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29(2–3), 455–465.
Stamm, F. M., Pickering, R. A., Frings, P. J., Frick, D. A., Richoz, S., & Conley, D. J. (2025). Impact of diagenesis on biogenic silica: Structural, chemical, and isotope proxies. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 130(2), e2024JG008160. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008160
Toth, J. R. (1980). Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 91(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)91<44:DOSCRI>2.0.CO;2
Wang, P., Su, S.-G., Wang, G.-Z., Dong, Y.-Y., & Yu, D.-L. (2024). Discrimination of deposit types using magnetite geochemistry based on machine learning. Ore Geology Reviews, 170, 106107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106107
Yazdi, A., Shahhosseini, E., & Moharami, F. (2022). Petrology and tectono-magmatic environment of the volcanic rocks of west Torud, Iran. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijes.2022.1929200.1601
Yousefi, M., Barak, S., Salimi, A., & Yousefi, S. (2023). Should geochemical indicators be integrated to produce enhanced signatures of mineral deposits? A discussion with regard to exploration scale. Journal of Mining and Environment, 14(3), 1011–1018.
Zaki-Khedr, M., Sayed, M. A., Ali, S., Azer, M. K., Ichiyama, Y., Takazawa, E., Kahal, A. Y., Abdelrahman, K., & Mahdi, A. M. (2024). Mineralogy and geochemistry of jasperoid veins in Neoproterozoic metavolcanics: Evidence of silicification, pyritization and hematization. Minerals, 14(7), 647. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070647
Zarasvandi, A., Lentz, D., Rezaei, M., & Pourkaseb, H. (2013a). Genesis of the Nasirabad manganese occurrence, Fars province, Iran: Geochemical evidences. Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry, 73(4), 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2013.02.003
Zarasvandi, A. R., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., & Saki, A. (2013b). Investigation of primary and secondary processes in the Nasirabad manganese deposit, south of Neyriz, using mineralogy and geochemistry of lead isotopes. Journal of Economic Geology, 5(1), 37–47. (In Persian with English abstract)
Zarasvandi, A. R., Sepahvand, M., Pourkaseb, H., & Rezaei, M. (2014). Mineralogical and textural study of the manganese deposit of Sorkhvand, Harsin: Evidence on mineralization processes [Paper presentation]. 18th Conference of the Geological Society of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Zarrinkoob, M. H., Kalagari, A. A., & Barghi, B. (2009). Mineralogy and the origin of Kamartalar manganese in the east of Birjand (South Khorasan Province). Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 17(2), 309–318.
Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Yi, L., Qi, T., Zhou, Q., Peng, Z., Liu, G., & Li, X. (2023). Highly efficient separation of titanium minerals from a modified bauxite residue through direct reduction: A comparison study. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 26, 6331–6341.
Zolotova, E., Kotelnikova, A., & Ryabinin, V. (2023). The content of toxic elements in soil-plant system based on ombrotrophic peat with the copper smelting slag recycling waste. Pollution, 9(1), 286–298. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2022.346474.1551
Volume 7, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
Summer 2026
Pages 350-361

  • Receive Date 01 June 2026
  • Revise Date 10 July 2026
  • Accept Date 25 September 2026