Remote sensing is a rapid, low-cost tool for the early stages of mineral exploration, particularly in structurally complex terrains such as the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone of Iran. The 1:100,000 Borujerd sheet exposes a Triassic volcano-sedimentary sequence metamorphosed to greenschist facies and intruded by the Jurassic Borujerd granitoids, and it hosts high aeromagnetic anomalies and gold and copper occurrences; however, its alteration zones and structural controls have not been mapped systematically. This study aims to process and interpret Landsat ETM+ data to identify hydrothermal alteration, lineaments and lithological units and to delineate areas with high mineralization potential. After radiometric and geometric correction, band ratio 5/7, band subtraction, false-colour composites, the Crosta principal component technique and the software defoliant method were applied to map hydroxyl-bearing minerals and iron oxides, and directional and edge-enhancement filters were used to extract lineaments; the results were checked against the geological map and field observations. Iron-oxide, iron-hydroxide and argillic alteration zones were discriminated and show a close spatial relationship with faults. One group of alteration zones follows the older NW–SE faults in carbonate and metavolcanic units, whereas a second group lies along younger N–S faults and at fault intersections within the intrusive bodies. Integration of the alteration, lithological and structural layers delineated six promising areas, including the Nalkhast intrusive bodies, the northern and eastern margins of Kuh-e Nal, and the Mohsen Ebn-e Ali–Khayan metavolcanic belt. These targets warrant follow-up geochemical sampling and field verification.