A Compliance-oriented Reference Architecture for Predictive Maintenance in the Internet of Vehicles: Evidence from 45 Studies and Seven Standards

Alborz, Yasaman; Amirabadi, Amir; Amiri, Nasrin; Seyyedi, Mirali; Ahanian, Iman

doi:10.22034/ijumes.2026.2108963.1423

A Compliance-oriented Reference Architecture for Predictive Maintenance in the Internet of Vehicles: Evidence from 45 Studies and Seven Standards

Document Type : Case Study

Authors

Yasaman Alborz

Amir Amirabadi

Nasrin Amiri

Mirali Seyyedi

Iman Ahanian

Department of Electrical Engineering, ST.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22034/ijumes.2026.2108963.1423

Abstract

Predictive maintenance in the Internet of Vehicles forecasts component degradation accurately, yet fleet-wide deployment remains limited, since a technically optimal action has no value unless it is funded, supplied and lawful. This study aims to develop a reference architecture that treats these organizational, supply chain and regulatory constraints as a design requirement, after establishing what research and standards already provide. A systematic-narrative hybrid review was conducted in line with PRISMA 2020. Searches of four databases returned 227 records, reduced to 45 studies through five-stage screening against ten eligibility criteria, a seven-item quality appraisal and independent double screening. Studies were coded inductively by research problem and then mapped to architectural function; seven reference architectures and standards were assessed separately. Research concentrates on analytical modelling and data acquisition; only two studies (4%) address enterprise, supplier or regulatory integration, and neither applies a computational method. None of the seven standards makes the admissibility of a maintenance action evaluable, and two of five research questions could not be answered from the evidence. The resulting four-layer Holistic Compliance Framework adopts established acquisition and analysis functions and adds a governing Compliance Layer that expresses admissibility as a constraint function over candidate actions, making compliance cost measurable. Organizational and regulatory admissibility is an unaddressed architectural requirement in both the literature and the standards. The proposed framework is a conceptual, not yet validated, reference model and should be treated as a testable hypothesis.

Graphical Abstract

A Compliance-oriented Reference Architecture for Predictive Maintenance in the Internet of Vehicles: Evidence from 45 Studies and Seven Standards

Highlights

Only 2 of 45 IoV maintenance studies address business, supply or regulatory limits

None of seven maintenance standards makes an action's admissibility evaluable

A four-layer architecture places a governing Compliance Layer above operations

Admissibility as a constraint function makes the compliance cost measurable

Two of five research questions cannot yet be answered from the IoV evidence

Keywords

Connected vehicles

predictive maintenance

reference architecture

regulatory compliance

systematic review

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